Historically, land tenure in Jamaica has been rather inequitable. Land reform expanded under his administration. The PNP government in 1974 also formed the Jamaica Movement for the Advancement of Literacy (JAMAL), which administered adult education programs with the goal of involving 100,000 adults a year.
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The introduction of universally free secondary education was a major step in removing the institutional barriers to private sector and preferred government jobs that required secondary diplomas. In 1974, Manley proposed free education from primary school to university. Under Manley, Jamaica established a minimum wage for all workers, including domestic workers. In this regard he started a fashion revolution, often preferring the Kariba suit which was a type of formal bush or safari jacket with trousers and worn without a shirt and tie. Unlike his father, who had a reputation for being formal and businesslike, the younger Manley moved easily among people of all strata and made Parliament accessible to the people by abolishing the requirement for men to wear jackets and ties to its sittings. Though he was a Jamaican from an elite family, Manley's successful trade union background helped him to maintain a close relationship with the country's poor majority, and he was a dynamic, popular leader.
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He instituted a series of socio-economic reforms that produced mixed results. In the election of 1972, Manley defeated the unpopular incumbent Prime Minister, Hugh Shearer, running on the slogans "Better must come", "Giving power to the people" and leading "a government of truth". He then served as leader of the Opposition, until his party won in the general elections of 1972. After his father's retirement in 1969, Manley was elected leader of the People's National Party, defeating Vivian Blake. He won a very close election to the Jamaican House of Representatives in 1967. However in 1962 accepted an appointment to the Senate of the Parliament of Jamaica. When his father was elected chief minister of Jamaica in 1955, Manley resisted entering politics, not wanting to be seen as capitalizing on his family name. In August, 1953, he became a full-time official of that union. At about the same time, he became involved in the trade union movement, becoming a negotiator for the National Workers Union. He graduated in 1949, and returned to Jamaica to serve as an editor and columnist for the newspaper Public Opinion. In 1945, he enrolled at the London School of Economics. Manley attended Jamaica College and then served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. The second son of Jamaica's Premier Norman Washington Manley and Jamaican artist Edna Manley, Michael Manley was a charismatic figure who became the leader of the Jamaican People's National Party a few months before his father's death in 1969. He is considered one of Jamaica's best Prime Ministers since independence, according to public opinion polls. Coming from a prosperous background, Manley was a democratic socialist. Slipstream: A Daughter Remembers By Rachel Manley ********** '''Michael Norman Manley''' ON OCC (10 December 1924 – 6 March 1997) was a Jamaican politician who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992.
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